02229nab a22003017a 4500001000700000003001100007005001700018006001900035008004100054040003900095100002200134082001700156245008500173300004500258520140100303650001401704650002101718650002601739650002201765650001901787650002801806650001401834650001301848650001301861650001401874651001101888773002801899049492CL-SaANEPE20211029001501.0a||||| |||| 00| 0 130904n2013    xx ||||| |||| 00| 0 eng d  aCL-SaANEPEcCL-SaANEPEdCL-SaANEPE1 aArriola, Leonardo  aUS.WP/2/201310aCapital and opposition in Africa :bcoalition building in multiethnic societies.  aVol. 65, nro. 2 (april 2013), p. 233-272  aUnder what conditions can opposition politicians with ethnic constituencies from electoral coalition? In Africa's patronage-based political systems, incumbents form coalitions by using state resources to secure the endorsement of politicians from other ethnic groups. Opposition politicians, however, must rely on private resources to do the same. This article presents a political economy theory to explain how the relative autonomy of business from state-controlled capital influences the formation of multiethnic opposition coalitions. It shows that the opposition is unlikely to coalesce across ethnic cleavages where incumbents use their influence over banking and credit to command the political allegiance of business - the largest potential funder of oposition in poor countries. Liberalizing financial reforms, in freeing business to diversify political contributions without fear of reprisal, enable opposition politicians to access the resources needed to mimic the incumbent's pecuniary coalition-building strategy. A binominal logistic regression analysis of executive elections held across Africa between 1990 and 2005 corroborates the theoretical claim: greater financial autonomy for business - as proxied by the number of commercial banks and the provision of credit to the private sector - significantly increases the likelihood of multiethnic opposition coalitions being formed 4a1990 2005 4aCIENCIA POLITICA 4aCOALICIONES POLITICAS 4aECONOMIA POLITICA 4aFINANCIAMIENTO 4aFINANCIAMIENTO POLITICO 4aOPOSICION 4aPOLITICA 4aSIGLO XX 4aSIGLO XXI 4aAFRICA0 tWorld Politics.w020492